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2012 salmonella outbreak
In general, the United States alone experiences 42,000 cases of salmonellosis per year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/28/health/salmonella-fast-facts/ )〕 In Europe, although there are around 100,000 incidents of salmonellosis reported annually, there has been a steady decrease in cases over the past four years.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.knowsalmonella.com/en/foodsafety.html )〕 The exact number of those infected is impossible to know as not all cases are reported. Of these reported cases, some can be classified as foodborne disease outbreaks by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) if "two or more people get the same illness from the same contaminated food or drink" 〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/outbreaks/multistate-outbreaks/outbreaks-list.html )〕 or zoonotic outbreaks if "two or more people get the same illness from the same pet or other animal".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/zoonotic/gi/outbreaks.html )〕 In 2012, the various strains or serotypes of the salmonella bacteria, related to the outbreaks in the United States, infected over 1800 people and killed seven.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/outbreaks-2012.html )〕 In Europe, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported 91,034 cases of salmonella infection with 65,317 cases related to the 2012 outbreaks.〔 Of those 65,317 cases, there were 61 deaths.
Salmonella bacteria can be found in almost any product or animal that has been exposed to fecal matter.〔 These exposures can occur from crops grown from waste-based fertilizers or from food items handled by infected humans.〔〔 Salmonella is an intestinal disease meaning that the bacteria must be ingested and processed through the intestines in order for infection to occur.〔〔 Thus, salmonella is commonly spread to humans through ingestion of contaminated food items.〔〔 It can also be spread through contact with reptiles and birds, usually after the person handles the animal or its environment (without hand-washing immediately) and then touches their mouth or food items.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/diagnosis.html )〕 Those infected usually develop symptoms anywhere from 12–72 hours after first contact with salmonella bacteria, and most do not require serious medical attention.〔 This salmonellosis displays itself in humans with fever, abdominal pain, nausea, and, most commonly, diarrhea for a period of up to 7 days.〔 Those requiring hospitalization usually are dehydrated or have extreme diarrhea, which can turn deadly, especially if the salmonella bacteria reaches the bloodstream.〔〔 The elderly, young children, and those with weakened immune systems are most at risk for developing salmonellosis and suffering severe reactions.〔〔 The most common serotypes of salmonella in the United States and Europe are Enteritidis and Typhimurium.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/general/index.html )〕
== Origins of outbreak ==
The 2012 outbreak did not have one start and end date due to the multivariate origination sites and stages of investigation. Each outbreak followed its own pattern of contamination, spread, infection, and containment throughout the course of 2012. Worldwide, there were 15 different foodborne and zoonotic origins of the salmonella outbreaks.〔〔 Eighteen of the over 2,300 strains of salmonella were found in infected humans and contaminated products in Europe and the U.S.〔 As with all diseases, there were certain places and serotypes that contributed more to the magnitude of the 2012 outbreak. As such, the origins listed below had the greatest frequency of occurrence and overall impact on society.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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